Swallowtail butterfly(from lepidopteran)

The major invertebrate predators on Lepidoptera include centipedes, spiders, mantids, bugs, ground beetles, ants, and both social and solitary wasps. Important predators among vertebrates include toads and tree frogs, lizards, birds, rodents, bats, and monkeys. Some of the invertebrates locate their prey by scent, others by sight; most of the vertebrates hunt by sight, except for the bats, which hunt by acoustic echolocation (the so-called bat “sonar”).

The chief groups of parasites that attack Lepidoptera are tachinid flies (Tachinidae) and many families of wasps, chiefly of the Ichneumonoidea, Chalcidoidea, and Cynipoidea. More precisely called parasitoid predators, they are probably more important than the direct predators. The female parasitoids locate suitable hosts, chiefly by scent, and lay their eggs in, on, or near them. The parasitoid larvae live inside their hosts, gradually feeding on the hosttissues and almost invariably consuming them almost completely. Lepidoptera seem to have evolved few defenses against parasitoids,unless some of their toxic or repellent secretions serve to discouragethem. The high reproductive rate is important as a counter against loss to parasitoids, as well as against other adverse factors.

Dutchman's Pipe/Birthwort

also called pipe vine (species Aristolochia durior) climbing vine of the birthwort family (Aristolochiaceae), native to central and eastern North America. The heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves are about 15 to 35 cm (about 6 to 14 inches) wide. The yellowish brown or purplish brown tubular flowers resemble a curved pipe and are about 8 cm (3 inches) long. Dutchman's-pipe is a rapid grower that is often planted as a screen or an ornamental on porches and arbours.

any plant of the family Aristolochiaceae (orderAristolochiales), which contains five genera of mostly tropical woody vines and a few temperate-zone species. The calyx (outer part of the flower) is three-lobed. The flowers of some species lack petals; those of others are large and foul smelling.

North American species of the family Aristolochiaceae include Canadian wild ginger (Asarum canadense), Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria), pelican flower (Aristolochia grandiflora), andDutchman's-pipe (q.v.; Aristolochia durior). The European birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis) and asarabacca (Asarum europaeum), the European wild ginger, number among other common members of the family.

The European birthwort bears pale yellow, trumpet-shaped flowers in clusters of two to eight. The plant has heart-shaped leaves with finely toothed edges and pear-shaped hanging fruits. The plant is poisonous, but an extract from it has been used in the past to facilitate childbirth (hence the name) and in the treatment of snakebite.

> Well forget the Lady Bugs. I'm gonna find the answer, gonna have to unpack more of the library. I'll get back to ya. Well forget the Lady Bugs. I'm gonna find the answer, gonna have to unpack more of the library. I'll get back to ya. Well forget the Lady Bugs. I'm gonna find the answer, gonna have to unpack more of the library. I'll get back to ya.

GMm